Brief and Ultra-Brief Suicide-Specific Interventions.

The rising rates of suicide warrant effective treatments that can quickly help stabilize suicidal individuals and prevent future suicidal crises from occurring. Across the past few decades, there has been a rise in the development of ultra-brief (1-4 sessions) and brief suicide-specific interventions (6-12 sessions) to meet this need. This article reviews several prominent ultra-brief and brief interventions, including the Teachable Moment Brief Intervention, Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program, Safety Planning Intervention, Crisis Response Planning, Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention, Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention, Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality, and the Coping Long-Term With Active Suicide Program. A brief review of each interventions' evidence base is also provided. Current challenges and directions for future research in testing the efficacy and effectiveness of suicide prevention initiatives are discussed.

Effects of Patient Suicide on Professional Practice Among Mental Health Providers.

INTRODUCTION: The loss of a patient to suicide has an enormous impact on clinicians, but few studies have examined its effects. METHOD: In this retrospective study, we compared clinicians who have and have not experienced a patient suicide using a survey of 2157 outpatient clinicians from 169 New York clinics to determine differences in their suicide prevention knowledge, practices, training, and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Approximately 25% of the clinician respondents lost patients to suicide; psychiatrists, nurses/nurse practitioners, and those with more years of experience were disproportionately affected. After controlling for these demographic/professional differences, clinicians who had experienced patient suicide reported feeling that they had insufficient training, despite actually having more suicide prevention training, greater knowledge of suicide prevention practices, and feeling more comfortable working with suicidal patients than clinicians who had not lost a patient to suicide. There were no differences in self-efficacy or utilization of evidence-based clinical practices. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling for demographic/professional differences, clinicians who experienced a patient suicide had more training, knowledge, and felt more comfortable working with suicidal patients. It is critical that sufficient training be available to clinicians, not only to reduce patient deaths, but also to help clinicians increase their comfort, knowledge, skill, and ability to support those bereaved by suicide loss.

Suicide and Telehealth Treatments: A PRISMA Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: This PRISMA scoping review explored worldwide research on the delivery of suicide-specific interventions through an exclusive telehealth modality. Research over telehealth modalities with suicidal individuals highlights the importance of facilitating participants' access to treatments despite location and circumstances (e.g., rural, expenses related to appointments, etc.). AIM: The review sought evidence of outcomes of trials or projects in which both the patient and therapist attended sessions conjointly and openly discussed suicide over a telehealth modality (e.g., phone, zoom). METHOD: To explore this topic the authors searched for research trials and quality improvement projects using Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid PsycINFO, EBSCO Social Services Abstracts, and Web of Science on 3/3/2021. RESULTS: Nine different articles were included that each spanned distinct treatments, with eight being research studies and one being a quality improvement project. LIMITATIONS: Publications featuring ongoing or upcoming research in which complete study results were not available did not meet inclusion criteria for this review. CONCLUSION: Several important research gaps were identified. While this approach has been largely understudied, exclusive telehealth delivery of suicide-specific interventions has great potential for the prevention of suicidality, especially in the era of COVID-19 and beyond.

Those left behind: A scoping review of the effects of suicide exposure on veterans, service members, and military families.

Veteran and service member suicide remains a significant public health concern. One factor that may impact suicide risk is suicide exposure-knowing someone who has died by suicide or attempted suicide. However, the majority of the extant literature has focused on nonmilitary samples, which may not generalize to military veterans and service members. The current review synthesizes findings regarding suicide exposure in military veterans, service members, their families, and military systems. Our review suggests that the relationship between suicide exposure, suicide risk, and mental health outcomes remains inconsistent. Future research should further explore this important area.

Intervention cost-effectiveness for pediatric anxiety and OCD: A systematic review and integrated database model.

BACKGROUND: While multiple treatments for pediatric anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are efficacious, little is known about their cost-effectiveness. In response, we sought to provide relevant information through systematic review and cost-effectiveness simulation. METHODS: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of treatment for pediatric anxiety and OCD in two ways. First, we conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Second, we evaluated cost-effectiveness for antidepressant medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, and their combination via a simulation that integrated information from the Truven MarketScan database and the NIMH National Database for Clinical Trials Related to Mental Illness. RESULTS: Both systematic review and simulation found antidepressant medication and cognitive behavioral therapy to be cost-effective for pediatric anxiety and OCD. Antidepressant medication was the least costly approach, and cognitive behavioral therapy provided additional cost-effectiveness, especially for OCD. LIMITATIONS: During systematic review, relatively few articles provided information about both costs and effectiveness. While there was a notable margin of error to support multiple interventions as cost-effective, limited prior research decreased precision of point estimates and comparisons between interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Both antidepressant medication and cognitive behavioral therapy were found to be cost-effective for pediatric anxiety and OCD. Results supported investment from third party payers, who serve as critical gatekeepers that can increase treatment dissemination. However, more precise information would better inform the exact amount of investment needed, especially with regard to selection decisions between active interventions. Cost-effectiveness research would benefit from systematic collection of data on treatment costs and quality of life in future clinical trials.

Group treatments for individuals at risk for suicide: A PRISMA scoping review (ScR).

BACKGROUND: This PRISMA scoping review explored worldwide research of interventions for suicide prevention delivered within a group setting. Research on group treatments underscores the importance of peer connection in diminishing social isolation and increasing social support. Additional benefits of group treatment include cost efficiency and maximization of staff time. However, the clinical outcomes of group treatments with individuals at risk for suicide are less understood and under researched. AIM: This scoping review had two objectives: 1) To identify existing group treatments where suicidal thoughts and behaviors are openly discussed; 2) To examine the outcomes of these identified treatments, with special attention to treatment integrity. METHOD: To address these aims the authors searched Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and PsycINFO (Ovid), on November 25, 2020. At the Full Text stage, articles were included that were peer reviewed, described a suicide specific group intervention and reported suicide specific outcomes. An additional requirement was open dialogue of suicide in the group intervention. RESULTS: Only ten research reports of suicide-specific group treatments were identified in our PRISMA-ScR. In spite of many differences in setting, population, length, and frequency of sessions, all ten groups reported improvements in varying aspects of suicide symptoms. The only adverse impacts were reported by two studies wherein two (of 92) participants attempted suicide and a small number (7%) of adolescents reported feeling triggered with suicidal thinking during a session. Despite our focus on empirical data in this review, the methodological rigor of the studies evaluated was limited. CONCLUSION: Despite the paucity of group treatment research in which suicidal thoughts and behaviors are openly discussed, the outcomes of these treatments were promising in decreasing suicide risk. These results may be due to unfounded fears of contagion. Further implications of these findings are considered along with limitations that may have excluded clinical work from meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Nonetheless, this evidence suggests that, suicide-focused groups have great potential for prevention of suicidal symptoms and should be further expanded in the future.

Are they ready yet?: A theory-driven evaluation of suicide risk assessment trainings in psychology graduate programs.

OBJECTIVES: The present study sought to understand the state of suicide risk assessment trainings in clinical psychology graduate programs. METHODS: We surveyed 167 clinical psychology doctoral students' behavioral competency in responding to suicidal clients and their attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions related to suicide risk assessment. Hypotheses were tested using path analysis. RESULTS: Ninety six percent of participants reported receiving some type of suicide risk assessment training at their program. Results provided partial support for significant relationships between attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions. Unexpectedly, amount of training in suicide risk assessments was not related to theory of planned behavior variables including behavioral competency. CONCLUSION: These findings have implications regarding the effectiveness of current suicide risk assessment training practices and ways to improve trainings to help increase the number of clinical psychologists competent in suicide risk assessment and management.

Don't Invite Everyone! Training Variables Impacting the Effectiveness of QPR Trainings.

Gatekeeper trainings have been increasingly utilized in response to rising suicide rates in youths. However, the extent to which common factors inherent to gatekeeper trainings impact training outcomes is largely understudied. As such, the present study explored how factors such as training size and trainer engagement abilities influenced trainee participation and outcomes (i.e. changes in attitudes, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and knowledge regarding suicide prevention). All trainees participated in a gatekeeper training; trainers were not randomly assigned. Mediation and moderation analyses were completed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes in Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach, Guilford Press, New York, 2013). Trainee participation in a training was examined as a mediator of the relationship between the training size and training outcomes, while trainer engagement was examined as a moderator of the relationship between size of training and trainee participation. Size of training was significantly related to lower changes in participant knowledge, along with lower trainee participation in gatekeeper trainings. Trainee participation significantly mediated the relationship between size of training, attitudes, and PBC. Additionally, trainer engagement significantly moderated the association between size of training and trainee participation. The results of this study suggest that general gatekeeper training-related variables may influence participant outcomes, specifically through trainee participation.

Examining the effects of role play practice in enhancing clinical skills to assess and manage suicide risk.

Background: Mental health professionals (MHPs) often lack skills necessary to effectively manage suicide risk. Training designed to combat this deficiency tend to rely on passive techniques, despite research suggesting active methods may better facilitate skill development.Aim: This study examines the effect of a role-play training on MHPs' attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control surrounding suicide risk assessment behaviors.Methods: Two hundred and three MHPs participated in a 4.5 hour role-play training after participation in an online suicide risk assessment training. The training utilized active learning and behavioral modification strategies. MHPs completed questionnaires assessing attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and training variables.Results: MHPs endorsed positive attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control in suicide risk assessment and management skills, especially in assessing/determining the severity of risk, establishing rapport, documenting risk assessment information and developing a treatment plan. Results also revealed support for the feasibility of disseminating role-play training utilizing active learning methods.Conclusion: Factors found to be associated with participation in the role-play training are discussed. Findings may inform future development and improvement of suicide risk assessment training and practices that target risk and protective factors to effectively reduce suicide-related behavior.

Understanding Therapists' Work With Suicidal Patients: An Examination of Qualitative Data.

The collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS) serves as a framework for maintaining a collaborative relationship between the therapist and patient. This study used an original coding manual to examine responses to open-ended questions to better understand the ways in which therapists use CAMS collaboratively as well as their reasons for adhering (or not adhering) to certain aspects of the framework. Results suggest differences in treatment application based on therapist characteristics including amount of experience, intensity of training received, and experience of a patient suicide attempt. Implications of this research include informing therapists interested in using the CAMS framework about the specific ways in which implementation can be made collaborative. Further, this research helps to shed light on how experiencing a client's death by suicide can impact therapists' future work with suicidal clients.

Life after loss: Comparing student service member/veteran and civilian mental health characteristics among individuals exposed to death by suicide.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the mental health characteristics and beliefs of student service members/veterans (SSM/Vs) who have been exposed to another's death by suicide. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 39 SSM/Vs exposed to suicide and 32 SSM/Vs not exposed to suicide were sampled from a larger, epidemiological survey. An age- and gender-matched group of 39 civilian (C) students was drawn from a larger sample of individuals exposed to suicide. METHODS: Data were collected as part of an Internet-based, campus needs survey that occurred in Fall 2014. Participants were asked to complete measures about suicide-related behaviors, suicide prevention, help-seeking, and demographics. RESULTS: SSM/Vs exposed to suicide had more positive mental health/suicide prevention beliefs than SSM/Vs not exposed to suicide. Cs exposed to suicide were not significantly different from either group. Unique help-seeking patterns were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: The current study identifies unique characteristics of SSM/Vs exposed to suicide that may inform prevention programming.

Meta-analysis of the prospective relation between alliance and outcome in child and adolescent psychotherapy.

In the youth treatment literature, the alliance has been defined and measured as a consensual or collaborative bond. In this article, we review varied definitions of the alliance, enumerate its frequent measures, and present clinical examples. We provide a meta-analytic review on the relation between the therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome in child and adolescent psychotherapy. In particular, this review only includes prospective studies of youth therapy that used an explicit measure of alliance. The meta-analysis of 28 studies revealed a weighted random effect size of r = .19 (k = 28, N = 2419, p < .01, 95% confidence interval [.13, .25]), which is a small to medium effect (equivalent to d = 0.39) consistent with the adult alliance literature and with prior youth meta-analyses. Given that a medium-large amount of heterogeneity was observed in effect sizes (I2 = 64.19%), theory- and method-based moderators were examined. Multiple moderators of the alliance-outcome association were found, including diagnosis class, type of therapy, study design (randomized controlled trials [RCT] vs. nonrandomized trials [non-RCT]), and treatment setting (inpatient vs. outpatient). Research limitations, patient contributions, and diversity considerations follow. The article concludes with research-informed practices for building and maintaining the therapeutic alliance with youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).